A US judge has ruled that Google acted illegally to crush its competition and maintain a monopoly on online search and related advertising. The landmark decision on Monday is a major blow to Alphabet, Google’s parent company, and could reshape how technology giants do business.

Google was sued by the US Department of Justice in 2020 over its control of about 90% of the online search market. It is one of several lawsuits filed against big tech companies as US antitrust authorities attempt to strengthen competition in the industry.

This case has been described as posing an existential threat to Google and its owner given its dominance in the search and online advertising business. It is unclear yet what penalties Google and Alphabet will face as a result of the decision. Fines or other remedies will be decided in a future hearing. The government has asked for “structural relief,” which could, in theory, mean the break-up of the company.

In his decision, US District Judge Amit Mehta said Google had paid billions to ensure it is the default search engine on smartphones and browsers. “Google is a monopolist, and it has acted as one to maintain its monopoly,” Judge Mehta wrote in his 277-page opinion.

Alphabet said it plans to appeal against the ruling. “This decision recognises that Google offers the best search engine, but concludes that we shouldn’t be allowed to make it easily available,” the company said in a statement.

US Attorney General Merrick Garland hailed the ruling as a “historic win for the American people.” “No company—no matter how large or influential—is above the law,” Garland said. “The Justice Department will continue to vigorously enforce our antitrust laws.”

Federal antitrust regulators have filed other pending lawsuits against Big Tech companies—including Meta Platforms, which owns Facebook, Amazon, and Apple Inc.—accusing them of operating unlawful monopolies.

Monday’s ruling follows a 10-week trial in Washington DC, in which prosecutors accused Google of spending billions of dollars annually to Apple, Samsung, Mozilla, and others to be pre-installed as the default search engine across platforms. The US said Google typically pays more than $10bn a year for that privilege, securing its access to a steady stream of user data that helped maintain its market hold. This, prosecutors argued, prevented other companies from having the opportunity or resources to meaningfully compete.

“The best testimony for that, for the importance of defaults, is Google’s chequebook,” argued Department of Justice lawyer Kenneth Dintzer during the trial.

Google’s search engine is a significant revenue generator, bringing in billions of dollars largely due to advertising displayed on its results pages. Google’s lawyers defended the company by saying that users are attracted to their search engine because they find it useful and that Google is investing to make it better for consumers. “Google is winning because it’s better,” said Google’s lawyer John Schmidtlein during closing arguments.

Schmidtlein also argued that Google faces intense competition not just from general search engine firms, such as Microsoft’s Bing, but also from more specialised sites and apps that people use to find restaurants, airline flights, and more. In his ruling, Judge Mehta concluded that being the default search engine is “extremely valuable real estate” for Google. “Even if a new entrant were positioned from a quality standpoint to bid for the default when an agreement expires, such a firm could compete only if it were prepared to pay partners upwards of billions of dollars in revenue share,” Judge Mehta wrote.

Another case against the technology company over its advertising technology is scheduled to go to trial in September. In Europe, meanwhile, Google has been fined billions in monopoly cases.